[136] Once the German armies advanced into enemy territory, they were accompanied by Einsatzgruppen staffed by officers from the Gestapo and Kripo, who usually operated in the rear areas to administer and police the occupied land. [108] In Düsseldorf, the local Gestapo office of only 281 men were responsible for the entire Lower Rhine region, which comprised 4 million people. Runner Woman at Start Line on Red Athletic. [147][e], Leaders, organisers, investigators and accomplices participating in the formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy to commit the crimes specified were declared responsible for all acts performed by any persons in execution of such plan. Il primo comandante e capo della polizia della Gestapo è Hermann Goring, un veterano della prima guerra mondiale. Himmler's subsequent appointment to Chef der Deutschen Polizei (Chief of German Police) and status as Reichsführer-SS made him independent of Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick's nominal control. [46], However, the Nazi regime sought to suppress any source of ideology other than its own, and set out to muzzle or crush the churches in the so-called Kirchenkampf. Reports indicate that the Gestapo was caught unaware of this plot as they did not have sufficient protections in place at the appropriate locations nor did they take any preventative steps. Historian George C. Browder contends that there was a four-part process (authorisation, bolstering, routinisation, and dehumanisation) in effect which legitimised the psycho-social atmosphere conditioning members of the Gestapo to radicalised violence. [143] Other Danish civilians, like in many places across Europe, acted as Gestapo informants but this should not be seen as wholehearted support for the Nazi program, as motives for cooperation varied. [103] Heydrich thought along similar lines and advocated both defensive and offensive measures on the part of the Gestapo, so as to prevent any subversion or destruction of the National Socialist body. Storie di antifascismi (Archetipo, 2014) e ha curato Crimini di guerra. [15] Röhm's position was menacing as more than 4.5 million men fell under his command once the militias and veterans organisations were absorbed by the SA,[16] a fact which fuelled Röhm's aspirations; his dream of fusing the SA and Reichswehr together was undermining Hitler's relationships with the leadership of Germany's armed forces. [f], Several terms redirect here. [114] For information about what was happening in German society, the Gestapo continued to be mostly dependent upon denunciations. The New English Review - A monthly political/cultural magazine with a literary slant. Da settembre 1940 fino al luglio 1942, in qualità di leader della Judenreferat presso l'ufficio SD a Parigi, diresse il servizio di controspionaggio nazista e divenne capo della IV sezione J della Gestapo, incaricata della "questione ebraica". [149], The trials began in November 1945. [37], Polish agents also gathered detailed information about the morale of German soldiers in the East. Questo non ha impedito il Reichsführer SS progressivamente concentrato nelle loro mani i corpi di indagine politica. [100] One man who served in the Prussian Gestapo in 1933 recalled that most of his co-workers "were by no means Nazis. cercasi spia... disposta spiare per conto spie Capo sezione P. di Pechino (1976) Maldoror Actress (1977) Masoch Irina (1980) Malabestia Alessandra (1978) Hide all | | Edit Filmography. Heinrich Muller, il comandante della Gestapo - la polizia segreta di stato del Terzo Reich - e tra i principali responsabili dell'Olocausto, sarebbe sepolto in un cimitero ebraico a Berlino. Esempi. [135] Much like their affiliated orgainizations, the SS and the SD, the Gestapo "played a leading part" in enslaving and deporting workers from occupied territory, torturing and executing civilians, singling out and murdering Jews, and subjecting Allied prisoners of war to terrible treatment. As Evans makes clear, "...it was not the ordinary German people who engaged in surveillance, it was the Gestapo; nothing happened until the Gestapo received a denunciation, and it was the Gestapo's active pursuit of deviance and dissent that was the only thing that gave denunciations meaning. Tali ufficiali rispondevano alle autorità delle SS in cui venivano distaccati. [124] The "conventional criminality" category concerned economic crimes such as money laundering, smuggling and homosexuality. [152], After the war, U.S. Counterintelligence Corps employed the former Lyon Gestapo chief Klaus Barbie for his anti-communist efforts and also helped him escape to Bolivia. Yet a significant number of them still worked against the National Socialist government. Himmler was nominally subordinate to Frick as police chief, but as Reichsführer-SS, he answered only to Hitler. These groups became a special focus of the Gestapo because of their insurrectionist goals—the overthrow of the Nazi regime, the re-establishment of an independent Austria under Habsburg leadership—and Hitler's hatred of the Habsburg family. After Germany conquered Poland in the autumn of 1939, Gestapo officials believed that they had neutralised Polish intelligence activities. Traduzioni in contesto per "turn you over to the" in inglese-italiano da Reverso Context: I mean she wants to turn you over to the police. [66] From the mid-1930s into the early 1940s—various groups made up of communists, idealists, working-class people, and far-right conservative opposition organisations covertly fought against Hitler's government, and several of them fomented plots that included Hitler's assassination. [58] If gay men or lesbians showed any signs of sympathy to the Nazis' identified racial enemies, they were considered an even greater danger. Department C (Administration and Party Affairs), central administrative office of the Gestapo, responsible for card files of all personnel including all officials. [93] The Gestapo also maintained offices at all Nazi concentration camps, held an office on the staff of the SS and Police Leaders, and supplied personnel as needed to formations such as the Einsatzgruppen. capo - translate into English with the Italian-English Dictionary - Cambridge Dictionary del fronte militare della resistenza diede tutto se stesso all’organizzazione. [124] After that year, political investigations declined with only 18 investigations in 1938, 13 in 1939, two in 1941, seven in 1942, four in 1943 and one in 1944. [110] The District Office in Nuremberg, which had the responsibility for all of northern Bavaria, employed a total of 80–100 full-term informers between 1943 and 1945. Germanische-SS, Voci di forze di polizia presenti su Wikipedia, Referat N: ufficio centrale di spionaggio, Dipartimento C (amministrazione e affari di partito), Dipartimento F (polizia di frontiera e di confine), Personalità importanti uccise dalla Gestapo, comandanti in capo delle SS e della polizia, comandante in capo delle SS e della polizia, https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gestapo&oldid=117652140, Voci con template infobox corpo civile senza categoria, Voci con campo Ref vuoto nel template Infobox corpo civile, Voci non biografiche con codici di controllo di autorità, licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione-Condividi allo stesso modo, Boemia e Moravia, Jugoslavia e Grecia (D1), Territori occupati settentrionali e occidentali (D4). [102] Over time, membership in the Gestapo included ideological training, particularly once Werner Best assumed a leading role for training in April 1936. Il campo della Fiera di Belgrado (1941-1942) di Milovan Pisarri Abstract: The Sajmište concentration camp. [81] A year after the organisations inception, Göring wrote in a British publication about having created the organisation on his own initiative and how he was "chiefly responsible" for the elimination of the Marxist and Communist threat to Germany and Prussia. Three others—Hans Fritzsche, Hjalmar Schacht, and Franz von Papen—were acquitted. [25] He answered to Heydrich; Heydrich answered only to Himmler and Himmler answered only to Hitler. Nearly all of them, including: the Römer Group, Robby Group, Solf Circle, Schwarze Reichswehr, the Party of the Radical Middle Class, Jungdeutscher Orden, Schwarze Front and Stahlhelm were either discovered or infiltrated by the Gestapo. [29] Although the Sicherheitspolizei was officially disbanded, the term SiPo was figuratively used to describe any RSHA personnel throughout the remainder of the war. Nel 1941, con l'arrivo delle truppe naziste a Varsavia, si aprì uno dei capitoli più bui della storia della città. I crimini di Theo Saevecke capo della Gestapo nella versione aggiornata alla luce delle nuove fonti emerse nel corso del processo celebrato dal Tribunale militare di Torino a carico dell’ex capitano delle SS Theo Saevecke, condannato all’ergastolo il 9 giugno 1999 per "[96], According to regulations issued by the Reich Main Security Office in 1940, women that had been trained in social work or having a similar education could be hired as female detectives. [20] For the Gestapo, the next two years following the Night of the Long Knives, a term describing the putsch against Röhm and the SA, were characterised by "behind-the-scenes political wrangling over policing". Rudolf Diels fu il primo capo dell'organizzazione, inizialmente chiamata "Dipartimento 1A" della polizia di Stato Prussiana. Instead of being exclusively a Prussian state agency, the Gestapo became a national one as a sub-office of the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo; Security Police). WikiMatrix. When a group or organisation was thus declared criminal, the competent national authority of any signatory had the right to bring persons to trial for membership in that organisation, with the criminal nature of the group or organisation assumed proved. [138] Correspondingly, Gestapo offices were established in a territory once occupied. There were strict protocols protecting the identity of Gestapo field personnel. Denunciation was the exception, not the rule, as far as the behaviour of the vast majority of Germans was concerned. At that time, the Gestapo was condemned as a criminal organisation, along with the SS. La Gestapo manteneva inoltre diversi ufficiali in ogni campo di concentramento, nello staff di ogni comandante in capo delle SS e della polizia e nel personale degli Einsatzgruppen. [113] The information supplied by denunciations often led the Gestapo in determining who was arrested. Traduzioni in contesto per "of the Gestapo" in inglese-italiano da Reverso Context: I was at the headquarters of the Gestapo. [61] During the first five months of 1943, the Gestapo arrested thousands suspected of resistance activities and carried out numerous executions. [153], The Gestapo was a secretive plainclothes agency and agents typically wore civilian suits. [56], Despite male homosexuality being considered a greater danger to "national survival", lesbianism was likewise viewed as unacceptable—deemed gender nonconformity—and a number of individual reports on lesbians can be found in Gestapo files. Frick did not have the political power to take on Göring by himself so he allied with Himmler. [154], Leitstellung (district office) staff did wear the grey SS service uniform, but with police-pattern shoulderboards, and SS rank insignia on the left collar patch. Post Styles. [127] Brutality on the part of interrogators—often prompted by denunciations and followed with roundups—enabled the Gestapo to uncover numerous resistance networks; it also made them seem like they knew everything and could do anything they wanted. Il capo della polizia politica „So far you have been treated as an officer and a gentleman, but don't think that this will go on if you don't behave better than you have done. Need to translate "THE ARMS OF THE GESTAPO" from english and use correctly in a sentence? Josef Berchtold - Very early Party member, and the second Reichsführer-SS from 1926-27. «Capo di S.M. Further promotions to Kriminalkommissarin and Kriminalrätin were also possible. [116][117] Work done by social historians such as Detlev Peukert, Robert Gellately, Reinhard Mann, Inge Marssolek, René Otto, Klaus-Michael Mallamann and Paul Gerhard, which by focusing on what the local offices were doing has shown the Gestapo's almost total dependence on denunciations from ordinary Germans, and very much discredited the older "Big Brother" picture with the Gestapo having its eyes and ears everywhere. [45] Increasing religious objections to Nazi policies led the Gestapo to carefully monitor church organisations. Video style 1; Video style 2; Video style 3; Video style 4; Popup video; Autoplay video; Post Gallery. "[131] The involvement of ordinary Germans in denunciations also needs to be put into perspective so as not to exonerate the Gestapo. For several leaders their punishment was death. With Frick's support, Himmler (pushed on by his right-hand man, Reinhard Heydrich) took over the political police of state after state. During World War II, the Gestapo played a key role in the Nazi plan to exterminate the Jews of Europe. Tema. [99] In 1939, only 3,000 out of the total of 20,000 Gestapo men held SS ranks, and in most cases, these were honorary. [33], The power of the Gestapo included the use of what was called, Schutzhaft—"protective custody", a euphemism for the power to imprison people without judicial proceedings. Roger Moorhouse, leading Third Reich historian and best-selling author Superbly scholarly and just as readable. @en.wiktionary.org. The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various security police agencies of Prussia into one organisation. [49][a], In an effort to counter the strength and influence of spiritual resistance, Nazi records reveal that the Gestapo's Referat B1 monitored the activities of bishops very closely—instructing that agents be set up in every diocese, that the bishops' reports to the Vatican should be obtained and that the bishops' areas of activity must be found out. Diels was appointed with the title of chief of Abteilung Ia (Department 1a) of the Prussian Secret Police. [142], In places like Denmark, there were some 550 uniformed Danes in Copenhagen working with the Gestapo, patrolling and terrorizing the local population at the behest of their German overseers, many of whom were arrested after the war. Some participants were sent to concentration camps. Diario della Memoria. Si ricongiunge cosi` al figlio e alla sua sposa. After the war in Europe ended, the Gestapo was declared a criminal organization by the International Military Tribunal (IMT) at the Nuremberg trials. "[132] The Gestapo's effectiveness remained in the ability to "project" omnipotence...they co-opted the assistance of the German population by using denunciations to their advantage; proving in the end a powerful, ruthless and effective organ of terror under the Nazi regime that was seemingly everywhere. [144] Whereas in France, the number of members in the Carlingue (French Gestapo) who worked on behalf of the Nazis was upwards of 30,000 to 32,000; they conducted operations nearly indistinguishable from their German equivalents. Pubblicato da Roberto Speranza Mercoledì 22 giugno 2016 After Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany, Hermann Göring—future commander of the Luftwaffe and the number two man in the Nazi Party—was named Interior Minister of Prussia. [99][d] Some locals aided the Gestapo, whether as professional police auxiliaries or in other duties. Hide Show Actress (7 credits) 1980 Masoch Irina 1978 Malabestia Alessandra 1977 Maldoror. [101] In Würzburg, which is one of the few places in Germany where most of the Gestapo records survived, every member of the Gestapo was a career policeman or had a police background. [113] Many of the local offices were understaffed and overworked, struggling with the paper load caused by so many denunciations. Traduzioni ipotizzate. Terror against "state enemies" had become a way of life to such a degree that the Gestapo's presence and methods were eventually normalised in the minds of people living in Nazi Germany. For the most part they were young professional civil service officers..."[100] The Nazis valued police competence more than politics, so in general in 1933, almost all of the men who served in the various state police forces under the Weimar Republic stayed on in their jobs. In late 1933, the Reich Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick wanted to integrate all the police forces of the German states under his control. Guarda le traduzioni di ‘spacciasse’ in inglese. Home; fearures. LibraryThing is a cataloging and social networking site for booklovers [150] The IMT also convicted three of the groups: the Nazi leadership corps, the SS (including the SD) and the Gestapo. [13], By the spring of 1934 Himmler's SS controlled the SD and the Gestapo, but for him, there was still a problem, as technically the SS (and the Gestapo by proxy) was subordinated to the SA, which was under the command of Ernst Röhm. [53], Violence and arrest was not confined to that of opposing political parties, membership in trade unions, or those with dissenting religious opinions, but also homosexuality. [134], As an instrument of Nazi power, terror, and repression, the Gestapo operated throughout occupied Europe. The Nazi administration immediately drew attention to the Jewish question: there were about 75 thousand Jews living in the former Yugoslavia, in Serbia alone there were about 17 thousand. [51], In Dachau: The Official History 1933–1945, Paul Berben wrote that clergy were watched closely, and frequently denounced, arrested and sent to Nazi concentration camps: "One priest was imprisoned in Dachau for having stated that there were good folk in England too; another suffered the same fate for warning a girl who wanted to marry an S.S. man after abjuring the Catholic faith; yet another because he conducted a service for a deceased communist". [94] Personnel assigned to these auxiliary duties were often removed from the Gestapo chain of command and fell under the authority of branches of the SS. Leading members of the most famous of these groups, the White Rose, were arrested by the police and turned over to the Gestapo. Uniforms worn by Gestapo men assigned to the Einsatzgruppen in occupied territories, were at first undistinguishable from the Waffen-SS field uniform. The SD sleeve diamond (SD Raute) insignia was worn on the lower left sleeve, even by SiPo men who were not in the SD. [63], Between 1934 and 1938, opponents of the Nazi regime and their fellow travellers began to emerge. [34] An oddity of the system was that the prisoner had to sign his own Schutzhaftbefehl, an order declaring that the person had requested imprisonment—presumably out of fear of personal harm. Jack King, l’agente MI5 che si finse capo della Gestapo e ingannò 500 spie di Hitler di redazione Blitz Pubblicato il 13 Settembre 2018 6:37 | Ultimo aggiornamento: 13 Settembre 2018 1:55 Although an agent in uniform wore the collar insignia of the equivalent SS rank, he was still addressed as, e.g., https://english.radio.cz/petscheks-palace-once-headquarters-nazi-secret-police-8575365, USHMM, "Law and Justice in the Third Reich", US National Archives, "German Police Records Opened at the National Archives", Avalon Project, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, The National Socialist Document Center of Cologne, "From Nazi to Criminal to Post-War Spy: German Intelligence Hired Klaus Barbie as Agent (20 January 2011)", "Press Release nr00-52: German Police Records Opened at the National Archives", Festung Furulund – magasinet – Dagbladet.no, Collection of testimonies concerning Gestapo activity in occupied Poland during WWII in "Chronicles of Terror" database, Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion, National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands, National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark, National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden), German National Movement in Liechtenstein, German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia), Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party, National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement, Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen, Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys), Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls), National Socialist German Students' League, Persecution of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia, National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), National Socialist German Doctors' League, National Socialist League for Physical Exercise (NSRL), Nationalist Liberation Alliance (Argentina), South African Gentile National Socialist Movement, Office of the Reich Commissioner for Germanic Resettlement (RKFDV), List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust, Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, Orders, decorations, and medals of Nazi Germany, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gestapo&oldid=996526227, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with Norwegian-language sources (no), Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Reactionaries, liberals and opposition (A3). [26] The Gestapo was specifically exempted from responsibility to administrative courts, where citizens normally could sue the state to conform to laws. When Church leaders (clergy) voiced their misgiving about the euthanasia program and Nazi racial policies, Hitler intimated that he considered them "traitors to the people" and went so far as to call them "the destroyers of Germany". The Gestapo had relatively few personnel and a mostly passive role in initiating investigations, as the surviving case files for the Dusseldorf and Wurzburg areas reveal. Files, card, indexes, information and administration (C1), Department D (Occupied Territories), administration for regions outside the, Protectorate affairs, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, regions of Yugoslavia, Greece (D1). it Il 12 marzo 1938, Eberstein venne nominato Alto Capo della Polizia (HSSPF) per il distretto militare VII di Monaco di Baviera. [22] Shortly thereafter, Himmler created the Kriminalpolizei (Kripo; Criminal Police), merging it with the Gestapo into the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo; Security Police), under Heydrich's command. [116], The popular picture of the Gestapo with its spies everywhere terrorising German society has been rejected by many historians as a myth invented after the war as a cover for German society's widespread complicity in allowing the Gestapo to work. [12] Many of the Gestapo employees in the newly established offices were young and highly educated in a wide variety of academic fields and moreover, represented a new generation of National Socialist adherents, who were hard-working, efficient, and prepared to carry the Nazi state forward through the persecution of their political opponents. [42] On the following day, the newly formed Gestapo officers, who had been shadowing some 58 trade union leaders, arrested them wherever they could find them—many in their homes. [119], An examination of 213 denunciations in Düsseldorf showed that 37% were motivated by personal conflicts, no motive could be established in 39%, and 24% were motivated by support for the Nazi regime.
Webcam Cervinia Paese Live,
Laurea Magistrale Ingegneria Ambientale Online,
Tirocinio Scienze Biologiche,
Fac Simile Contratto Di Lavoro Pdf,
Ho Sempre Pensato Che Sia O Fosse,
Cane Con Le Treccine,
Frasi Sull'autunno In Inglese,
Giappone Invasione Cina,
Un' Emozione Per Sempre Karaoke,